2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint

2.1 THE BIRTH OF FREE SPEECH It is difficult to pinpoint the exact time or year in which the concept of free speech emerged. It has been argued over and debated since the time of ancient Greeks, freedom of speech has always been an indispensable condition of what it means to be a free person. The first known martyr to the principle of free speech was Socrates. In 399BC before his jury to city state of Athens he was tried for corruption the morals of Greek youth and he said that he would rather be convicted than suffer restrictions on his free speech. Free speech became more developed during the Enlightenment period by scholars such as John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Pierre Bayle and others. Locke claimed that â€Å"we are born free as we are†¦show more content†¦When the United Nations General Assembly met the very first time in January 1946, one resolution that it passed recognized freedom of information as a fundamental human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is co nsecrated. The first formal request for freedom of speech in recorded history made by sir Thomas More in front of the English Parliament. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 provides in Article 19 that everyone has the right to opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Freedom of speech is granted unambiguous protection in international law by a number of United Nations treaties. Such as International covenant in Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Convention on the Rights of the child and International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant workers and members of their Families. As free speech has part of customary international law, and customary law is constantly growing as more norms achieve international consensus, while common law shrinks with the enactment of each new statute. The attractiveness of an argument based on customary international law is that a customary norm binds all governments, including those that haveShow MoreRelatedCommunication And Health And Social Care9509 Words   |  39 Pagesdevelopment. Each stage identifiable by shifts in how children understand the world. 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How Many People are Homeless Essay - 1591 Words

How Many People are Homeless? Many people call the National Coalition for the Homeless to find out how many people are homeless in the United States. There is no easy answer to this question, and in fact, the question itself is misleading. In most cases, homelessness is a temporary circumstance -- not a permanent condition. A more appropriate measure of the magnitude of homelessness is therefore how many people experience homelessness, not how many people are homeless. Studies of homelessness are complicated by problems of definitions and methodology. This fact sheet describes definitions of homelessness, methodologies for counting homeless people, and recent estimates of homelessness. Additional resources for further study are†¦show more content†¦As a result of these and other factors, many people who lack permanent housing are forced to live with relatives and friends in crowded, temporary arrangements. People living in unstable housing arrangements who lack a permanent place to stay are experiencing a kind of homelessness, but because they are not literally homeless, they will not be counted. METHODOLOGY Researchers use different methods to measure homelessness. One method attempts to count all the people who are literally homeless on a given day or during a given week (point-in-time counts). A second method of counting homeless people examines the number of people who are homeless over a given period of time (period prevalence counts). Choosing between point-in-time counts and period-prevalence counts has significant implications for understanding the magnitude and dynamics of homelessness. The high turnover in the homeless population documented by recent studies (see below) suggests that many more people experience homelessness than previously thought, and that most of these people do not remain homeless. Because point-in-time studies give just a snapshot picture of homelessness, they only count those who are homeless at a particular time. Over time, however, some people will find housing and escape homelessness while new people will lose housing and become homeless. Systemic social and economic factors (prolonged unemployment or sudden loss of a job, lack ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Preventing Homelessness895 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic crises, many people are losing his or her jobs because company’s had to cut back on expenses, as well as companies that have closed down completely. Furthermore because o f the economic crises many mental institutions are forced to close the doors because of lack of funds. People who once had a safe healthy place to call home are being forced into homelessness and are lacking the health care needed to ensure a happy healthy life. 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Persuasive Speech Why People Should Vote free essay sample

It started after the Revolutionary War, ever since independence from Britain was gained in 1776. Since the Artic sees of the Confederation did not mention voting rights, they were left over to the state t o create voting laws. Information from photofinishing. Org says, it was this way until 1 78 8 when the Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation. In 1 789, only white males over the age of 21, who were taxpayers could vote. Nonwhite races could not vote. Later, in 1 870 post civil war the 1 5th amendment Of the constitution tried to g vive African American men the right to vote.This however, failed because of poll taxes an d literacy tests, that went against the African Americans, because many did not have the money to pay the poll taxes, and the African Americans had a high illiteracy rate at t hat time. African Americans were also feared that they would be harmed if they tried to vote. the These poll taxes were banned by the 24 amendment of the Constitution, which was passed in 1964. The literacy test was also taken away one year later in 1 965, w tit the voting rights of 1965.But male African Americans and other minority groups were not the only people deprived of their basic right to vote. Women were also not gar anted suffrage. And only after many protests, debates and altercations were women even the the right to vote in 1920, by means of the 19 amendment. These two feats were big steps in America for racial tolerance, and gender equality. The voting age was lower De in 1971 with the 26th amendment giving the right to all citizens 18 years of age a ND older to vote.The main reason why it was lowed is because the Vietnam War cause speculation on voting age when men could be drafted at 18 years of age, but not vote. So voting is important because we should not abuse and take for granted who at some people spent many years and even their lives trying to get for themselves. There are dozens of excuses that people make to not vote. Brad Plumper, a writ term for Washingtons, says that the leading reason that people do not vote is that t hey do not think theyre vote matters, they dont care about politics or dont like either of candidates. Another major reason people dont vote is that they think that the IR one vote doesnt make a difference. This is a common excuse thats rooted in the belief that the Electoral College chooses the President, not the voters. In reality, the popular vote in each state determines which candidate the Electoral College endorses for that state. Therefore, your vote does count within your state, and you should get out an d exercise your right to vote. Congenially. Com states that Americans are busy with work, family, and other life obligations that tend to get in the way of civic duties like voting.Theres no doubt that voting presents scheduling challenges, but is that really a good ex. use not to vote? After all, people all over the world have fought and died for the right to Vote. The least we can do is carve out a few minutes to go to a polling center and cast o our vote. According to Americanizes. Org, Americans typically have a reputation for Ewing apathetic towards politics and voting in general, but politics in particular can c a use Americans eyes to glaze over. Writer, Hattie Winters, said. If you dont vote, y immediately forfeit your right to object to how things are done.And everyone likes whining about the government, so why give that up? If you dont voice your opinion by voting your opinion becomes mute and useless because you didnt take you t mime to voice your opinion in the actual election. Also, politicians are sometimes easy to dislike. Their flaws are often aired publicly for the entire world to see, and many peep nearly distrust politicians based on this information. But even if you dont pa articulacy like any of the candidates, do you really know them? And should it matter who ether you like them or not?Perhaps a politicians stance on issues important to you is m ore important than whether or not they are likeable. Even if its choosing the lessee r of two or more evils in your eyes, voting is still an important way for you to voice your o pinion about the subjects you care about most. Other excuses include that they are t 00 busy, it takes too long, they dont know much about politics, or simply just refuse to v tote. So voting is essential because, unfortunately there will always be people that ref use to use their right to vote. Voting is the single most important right that we have as Americans. It is ha makes us a Democracy. It gives the people of the country their voice. Colorado o State University, political science student Ryan Deutsche wrote, that we have a duty to vote, to be involved and active in politics. As citizens we are responsible for the decide Simons and actions of our country and State. We choose what laws we wish to live under, how much to spend or borrow, what quality of air we want to breathe and water we wan to drink. We do all this through our representatives in government and through our o wan actions in our communities.Presidential elections, which have the highest voter turns UT, are not the only important elections in the US, midterm elections are also important b cause in them we vote for the people who actually make laws and impact our daily live According to Statistician. Com the number of people that vote is 64% of the eligible voters, while that may be a good amount of people, that means almost 75 mil lion people are denying themselves the right to vote. A majority of the people included in hat 75 million are benzene the ages of 18 and 25 and on average women vote more than men. Ear and read a lot of criticism of the government, complaints about congress s and the president. Last year Congresss approval rating was 14 percent. 14 percent of Americans thought that Congress was doing a good job. Yet when elections ca me last November, 90 percent of Congress members were reelected. People speculate e that this is because, the people that elected them in the first place are the same p people voting to reelect them, and that the people that dont approve arent voting be cause its not a presidential elections and people do not even bother to vote. Change is what is wanted and needed for this country yet we are reelecting the same people ova err and over because the same people are voting over and over again. If those 75 mil lion people voted who knows what would happen. Maybe we would end up with t he same results, but maybe it would be for the better and cause change. Voting is easily the most essential right that we have as Americans. It is our vow and it is how we can make an impact in government. Voting is something Poe peel spent heir livelihood fighting for, yet people make countless excuses to why they d onto vote.

Oedipuss Life Is Lived Out In Many Accomplishments And Achievements. M

Oedipus's life is lived out in many accomplishments and achievements. Mount Cithaeron symbolizes his journey from the being of his life to the end. It also symbolizes the important steps toward or trying to reach the peak, the perfect blend of mind and spirit. Mount Cithaeron portrays how people take a journey toward self awareness, and how most do not make. Oedipus's life has five accomplishments or steps on the road of Mount Cithaeron. Oedipus first event is surviving as a newborn baby. Oedipus was left to die on a mountain with his feet pinned by Jocasta, mother, and Lauis, father. Luckily, Oedipus was found by a Shepard and eventually given to the King of Corinth, Polybus. When told by an oracle that he was going to kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves Corinth and fulfills his second accomplishment. Unknowingly, Oedipus is gradually moving upward on the Mount to the third accomplishment. While walking on the road, he came to where three roads meet. He saw six men, thinking they were a band of robbers, he kills them. Not realizing that he had killed his father and fulfilled the prophecy, he moves on and up the mount. The fourth accomplishment, was killing a monster called the Sphinx. When Oedipus answered the Sphinx's riddle, the sphinx kills herself and Oedipus saves the city. Since the King could not be found and Oedipus had gotten rid of the Sphinx, Oedipus was given the throne. He was also given Jocasta's hand in marriage. Finally, he had completed his fifth accomplishment when given the position of King. By being hubris, the rest of Oedipus's life went downward. When Jocasta found out the truth she killed herself. Seeing that Jocasta was dead and he had cursed his children, Oedipus poked his eyes out. Oedipus's life or journey up Mount Citaeron was good and bad. Oedipus played out his destiny or fate unknowingly. He was cursed from the beginning of his life. Oedipus did not reach the top, which was said to the spot of the gods, but he did go far. Bibliography Oedipus REx

The play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

The play Romeo and Juliet Essay The play Romeo and Juliet was written by a famous play write called William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He wrote many plays including MacBeth, Twelfth Night, As You Like It but Romeo and Juliet is one of his most popular tragedies. This is a play about two people in love brought together by hatred. The way William Shakespeares plays were performed is unusual to todays standard but very usual in the 16th century. Young boys not women performed the parts of women in these plays. Women were not allowed to act on stage. Shakespeares plays were performed at the Globe Theatre or the Black Fairs Theatre. Some times though they would get a special presentation at the courts of Queen Elizabeth 1st and King James 1st. We will write a custom essay on The play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Montagues and Capulets are two rivalry families. They are involved in a family feud that goes back years before any of the members were born. Yet the feud still continues due to the fact that neither family is ready to forgive and forget the past. Even the townspeople are involved because the families do not keep the feud in the privacy of their own home but have been seen fighting in the public streets and displaying violence. They disrupt the peace of Verona and even Prince Escalus personally had to break up a fight, where the family members were heavily fined. They were also given a warning that another public fight could result in death. While this is occurring Romeo, the main character, is getting over his last love, Rosaline, and was very upset. Juliet of the Capulet household has just been introduced to a wealthy young man, Paris, who her parents wish her to marry. Yet she does not love him. During this Romeo, who is in love with Rosaline, goes to a party in an effort to forget her or to rebuild his broken heart. At this party he meets Juliet, and immediately falls in love with her. He later finds out that she is a Capulet, the rival family of the Montagues. He decides that he loves her anyway and they confess their love for each other during the very famous balcony scene in which they agree to secretly marry the next day. Friar Lawrence agrees to marry them in an effort to end the feuding between the families. Unfortunately, the fighting gets worse and Mercutio, a good friend of Romeos, ends up in a fight with Tybalt, Juliets cousin. Tybalt kills Mercutio, which causes Romeo to kill Tybalt in an angry rage. For this, Romeo is banished from Verona. At the same time, the Capulets are planning Juliets marriage to Paris. Juliet does not want to marry this man so she arranges with Friar Lawrence to fake her own death with a sleeping potion that will make everyone think that she is dead. Friar Lawrence promises to send word to Romeo to meet her when the potion wears off and to rescue her to Mantua, where Romeo is currently staying. There they would live happily ever after. Unfortunately, Romeo does not receive this message on time and upon hearing of her death goes to Juliets tomb where he drinks poison and dies. When Juliets potion wears off, she awakens to find her lovers body. She then stabs herself with Romeos dagger. The two families find the bodies and their shared sorrow; finally make peace with each other. In act 3 scene 5 Juliet has just said goodbye to Romeo who had stayed the night (they made love) before her mother (lady cap) catches him. Juliet is happy until her mother drops the news about her forth-coming marriage to Paris. Once her mother tells her this, she tells her mother what she thinks. Juliet says no to her mother .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .postImageUrl , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:visited , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:active { border:0!important; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:active , .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20 .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u291be99eec1faf5389396deb700f5f20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare s use of context in Hamlet EssayHe shall not make me a joyful bride This shows that she says if he married her it would not make her happy just sad and angry. Her mother thinks she is upset because of the death of her cousin Tybalt plus Juliet is already married to Romeo. Maybe Lady Capulet feels let down by Juliet, as they have already told Paris the answer will be a yes. Lord Capulet in this scene is quite different he is a lot angrier and is violet (In this time though arranged marriages were common). I tell thee what: get thee to church a, or never look me in the face. Juliet reacts to this by just crying. When the nurse tries to stick up for Juliet lord Capulet Hold your tongue This just means shut up and tells her to go. He obviously means he will have nothing more to do with her if she doesnt marry Paris. The nurse in this scene is a bit unsure what to do, she can either help Juliet. She chooses to help Juliet but really gets told by Lord Capulet to disappear and stay out. In the Zephereilli version at the start of the play it starts with a brawl but uses swords instead of guns in the Luhrman version. It still shows you the hate between the two families right at the start. The prince of Vernona rides in on horse back compared to luhrmans modern version of him travelling in a car instead of horse back in Zephereilli. In the two films the language is slightly different. The old version is perfect to the language that would have been used and the modern one; sticks to the original scrip, but some of the speeches and sentences have been shorted. If I was directing Act 3 scene 5 the actors I would use is: Romeo: Prince William because he is a good-looking guy girls love him and is the right age for the part. Juliet: Kelly Brook because she is beautiful an actress and is again the right age for the part. Lord and Lady Montague: Richard and Judy (from channel 4) because theyre already married know how to present and a bit snobby. Lord and Lady Capulet: James Gandolfini and Lorraine Bracco because they are marred on screen and I think they would suit the part perfectly. Nurse: Judy Dench because she is a brilliant actress and looks and has played part of a mother figure before. The way I would set out the screen is not to have the argument in Juliets bedroom but over the dinner table at breakfast time. I think having it at the dinner table it would be more effective, it could show people anger more e.g. throw plates and chairs around. At the dinner table I would place lord and lady Capulet at each end of the table and Juliet and the nurse in the middle. Here is a picture to show where they sit: When Lord Capulet explodes with anger at Juliet I would use an extreme close up camera shot to show the anger on Lord Capulet face, and the same for Juliet to see the sadness on her face. I would use a panning shot to show everything in the scene and in the room. I would then add a new scene to the play. My scene would be in the garden after the fight at the dinner table. I would make Juliet run outside to get away from her father but when he catches her he would make him say something along the lines of Now tell our neighbours and friends how you disobey your father, Then use the line I tell thee what: get thee to church a` Thursday, or never look me in the face. .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .postImageUrl , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:visited , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:active { border:0!important; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:active , .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c78456c9e55a5aadaab692db33fb6bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Written play EssayAfter her father has walked a way I would use a panning shot top show Juliet kneeling on the grass crying to so her sadness and everything around her. I directed my play like this because I think it would have been good and effective and just a little bit unique to the original scene and it shows the moods of the characters better. In the play my favourite character was Romeo because hes a man that knows what he wants and fights for what he loves. My favourite line in act 3 scene 5 was, Farewell, farewell! One kiss, and Ill descend. I like this line because it makes me laugh and shows the love Romeo has for Juliet, as he wont leave without a kiss from his loved one. There is more to love than lust. Or you could say that Romeo and Juliet did not take the time to get to know each other and form a deep intimate relationship. They rushed into their relationship. It may have really been true love that was mutually felt by both of them though. Even though this is a well-known play if I had my choice I would read it again because you have to re-read what you read to understand it fully. My favourite character was Romeo because he shows what love really means. My favourite scene is the balcony scene because here it shows how each one loves one another. Overall, it was a good play to read and direct myself. The play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students The play Romeo and Juliet Essay The play Romeo and Juliet presents true love in the form of star-crossed loversà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and just as their love is depicted as eternal, the play itself has endured for years. There have been many adaptations of the play in the forms of books, films, ballets and plays. Several books have been loosely based on the story, involving young lovers of different religion or different race who are not permitted to be together. These are always very popular because people want to find true love. The words Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ conjure up images associated with true love; but the play explores many views of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Each character in the play has a different personality and view on life, therefore they perceive loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in their own distinct way, adding a clear contrast to Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s first love, which is true and pure. We will write a custom essay on The play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The play Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is the story of true love and devotion and it is therefore unexpected that the first reference to relationships in the play is all about sex. The first two characters that the audience is introduced to are Sampson and Gregory. They are vulgar and crude, making many sexual references and innuendoes. They do not see love as involving emotions or desires, but as a purely physical thing, sexual not emotional. Sampson refers to women as weaker vessels and tells of how he will rape the maids of the Montague household; Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall, I will push Montagueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Both Sampson and Gregory have petty and narrow perceptions of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Neither of them appears to have ever experienced true love. They talk in a crude and coarse manner, brag about their own attributesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and see women as objects not people. They are typical of yobsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in society today, the type of people who fight because they think they should because society expects them to or because of feuding that spans generations. Other contrasts to Romeo and Juliet in the play are the nurse and Mercutio. Mercutio is volatile and lively with an amazing imagination. He loves life and makes the most of each day. His love for words and puns is shown to its full in his speech about Queen Mab. The speech starts off being very idealistic and fantastical She gallops night by night Through loversà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ brains, and then they dream of love, As it continues, the speech becomes vulgar and moves from the image of a beautiful fairy to ideas of war and suffering, Sometime she driveth oà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½er a soldiers neck, And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats. Mercutio is the kind of person who gets restless very easily. He thinks that Romeo is wasting his time with Rosaline, and mocks him. In general Mercutio has a clouded view of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Like Sampson and Gregory he considers loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ only in sexual terms rather than emotions, shown in his crude language, The nurse is similar to Mercutio in her use of vulgar language. The nurse is the equivalent of Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mother, she raised and looked after her and is very close to Juliet. Juliet is in fact a lot closer to the nurse than to her own mother. The one person that Juliet has always loved is the nurse. The nurse is the only character in the play that she tells about her love for Romeo. Juliet confides in the nurse, because she is like her mother. The nurse has a blunt attitude towards love and sex, but is an affectionate and loving woman who wants Juliet to be happy. She has a tendency to talk a lot and often strays from her subject. The nurse had a husband whom she loved dearly, but he died. She refers to him in her story about Juliet falling on her face, the story is vulgar and she repeats it several times, finding it very funny. Clearly she and her husband shared a bawdy sense of humour. And yet I warrant it had upon it brow A bump as big as a young cockà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½relà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s stone, A perilous knock, and it cried bitterly. Yeaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, quoth my husband, fallà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½st upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age, .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .postImageUrl , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:visited , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:active { border:0!important; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:active , .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d586814af15a58c93cf7852830bb35c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet Coursework on Act III Scene V EssayWilt thou not, Jule?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It stinted and said Ayà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The nurse is often vulgar and crude, but she truly cares for Juliet. The nurse aids Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo but in the end she tries to persuade Juliet to marry Paris. She has a big heart but clearly has no understanding of the depth of Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo nor does she consider the sanctity of her marriage. For Juliet the nurse is like her best friend. Romeo has the Friar to confide in. Friar Lawrence marries the couple and tries to help them whenever possible. He wants the best for them and thinks that if they marry then possibly the feuding will end; In one respect Ià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ll thy assistant be: For this may so happy prove To turn your householdsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rancour to pure love The friar tells Romeo not to rush things with Juliet, but when Romeo asks him to marry them he agrees. The friar approves of their love and truly cares about what happens to Romeo and Juliet. At the end of the play we see him trying to persuade Juliet not to kill herself and then when she has he explains to everyone why he married them. Juliet and her mother, Lady Capulet, do not seem to have a close relationship. In the first act, Juliet feels that she must please her mother by obeying her every wish. As the play progresses we see that Lady Capulet has clear ides of what she considers best for her daughter. She sings the praises of Paris when she is informing Juliet of his desires. Lady Capulet describes Paris as valiantà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and tells Juliet that all his love needs is a cover, the cover will be her. And what obscured in this fair volume lies Find written in the margent of his eyes. This precious book of love, this unbound lover, To beautify him, only lacks a cover. She seems less interested about whether the couple will love each other, more concerned with how suitable he is. Paris is the man whom Capulet wants Juliet to marry. Paris explains his feelings for Juliet to Capulet. It seems that Paris does love Juliet because when Romeo kills him he asks to be put in her tomb, If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. He has genuine emotions for Juliet and is devastated when she diesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Beguiled, divorcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, wrongà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, spited, slain! Most detestable Death, by thee beguiled, By cruel, cruel thee quite overthrown! O love! O life! not life, but love in death! Paris is a good man who would be kind to Juliet but she does not love him. Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s father however does seem to think that she would be happy with Paris. Capulet cares a lot for his daughter because all his other children have died and therefore she is very special to him; Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she; Sheà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s the hopeful lady of my earth. Capulet wants the best for his daughter when Paris first explains his proposal, But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, And she agreed, within her scope of choice Lies my consent and fair according voice Capulet then starts to push Juliet into the marriage instead of letting her choose. He says that he will only let his daughter marry Paris if she consents, but then turns against this later in the play.Maybe he thinks that marriage to Paris will be in her best interests and he therefore pressurises her into it. This is why she feels she has to fake her own death. Capulet loves Juliet in the way that most parents love their children, but he goes one step further and tells her what to do instead of letting her make her own decisions. We do not know many details of Capuletà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s marriage; there are only hints that he is not happily married. So the main demonstration of love that we see from him, is towards his daughter. He is furious when Juliet defies him and is prepared to cast her out from his house! The focus of Capuletà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s attention is his daughter, Juliet. Juliet is only a child when she falls in love with Romeo. Her love for Romeo is true, pure and he is her first love. She loves him more than anything in the world, .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .postImageUrl , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:visited , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:active { border:0!important; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:active , .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88 .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6a917a0dec864f56c722d14eea67d88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare Present Love in Romeo and Juliet EssayMy bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee The more I have, for both are infinite. Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s love for Romeo is the loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that people crave. She loves him infinitely and will do anything for him, even die. Her devastation is immense when her love, Romeo, is banished from Verona. Juliet tells her family that she is distraught due to the death of her cousin, Tybalt, but her grief is caused by her undying love. Romeo and Juliet share a bond, which makes their love even more special. When they first meet each other they share their language. They both use biblical and religious words to express themselves. The first time they speak it is in the form of a sonnet; Romeo: If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, My lips two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet: Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this, For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ kiss. The first moment that they meet, it is obvious that there is something special between them. Because of love, Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s character changes through the play. She becomes less obedient towards her parents and more mature and independent as the play unfolds. She defies and deceives her father about Romeo and Paris. We realise how much she has changed when she talks herself round to supporting Romeo whilst he is banished. Romeo is different in many ways to Juliet, but he still loves her as much as she does him. The first time that he thought he was in love was with Rosaline. When he lovedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ her he was not happy. The love was unrequited and was not genuine. Romeo became depressed when he realised that Rosaline did not love him. He was moody, withdrawn and used oxymorons in his speech, O brawling love, O loving hate, O any thing of nothing first create! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! Romeo does not talk to his parents about his feelings. He confides in Mercutio and Benvolio but never informs his parents of his emotions. As he falls deeper in love with Juliet he grows happier and more sociable, whereas when he loved Rosaline he locked himself in his rooms for hours. With Juliet he risks his life to see her. Romeo and Juliet share a physical, passionate love as well as emotional love. The first night that they meet they do not want to leave each other. This is in the famous Balcony Sceneà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Romeo risks his life to see Juliet by climbing the walls of the Capulet estate. He then stands beneath her window waiting to see her. He then describes her in such a loving way that it is almost unreal; Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven, Having some business, do entreat her eyes To twinkle in their spheres till they return. The couple share a night together when they are married and in the morning they do not want to leave each other. Juliet tries to make Romeo stay with her; Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day; It was the nightingale, and not the lark, That pierced the fearful hollow of thine ear; Nightly she sings on yond pomegranate tree. Believe me, love, it was the nightingale. These two young lovers defy their parents by marrying behind their backs, proving their love for one another. However the most definite affirmation of their love, is when the lovers make the ultimate sacrifice, their own lives. This pair of star-crossed lovers experience the most remarkable form of love imaginable, true love. Shakespeareà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s presentation of loveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in the play Romeo and Julietà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ varies. Some characters think only of sex, others demonstrate a form of love with their children, but the one true, pure love is that of Romeo and Juliet. Each character in the play provides a frame to their love, their attitudes contrasting with young lovers. Romeo and Juliet share a special bond together that will never be lost. They make the greatest sacrifice for each other and this proves their love

Perl String lc() Function

Perl String lc() Function Starting out with a new programming language can be challenging. Learning the functions is one way to go about it. The Perl string lc() function and uc() function are two basic functions that are easy to understand- they convert a string to all lowercase or all uppercase respectively. Perl  String lc() Function The  Perl  lc()  function takes a string, makes the entire thing lowercase and then returns the new string. For example: #!/usr/bin/perl $orig_string This Test Is Capitalized; $changed_string lc(  $orig_string ); print The Resulting String is: $changed_string\n; When executed, this code yields: The Resulting String is: this test is capitalized First, $orig_string is set to a value- in this case, This Test Is Capitalized. Then the lc() function is run on $orig_string. The lc() function takes the entire string $orig_string and converts it to its lowercase equivalent  and prints it out as instructed. Perl  String uc() Function As you might expect, Perls uc() function converts a string to all uppercase characters in the same manner. Just substitute uc for lc in the example above, as shown: #!/usr/bin/perl $orig_string This Test Is Capitalized; $changed_string uc(  $orig_string ); print The  Resulting String is: $changed_string\n; When executed, this code yields: The Resulting String is: THIS TEST IS CAPITALIZED About Perl Perl is a feature-rich programming language that was originally developed for use with text. It is cross-platform and runs on more than 100 platforms. Perl works with HTML and other markup languages, so it is frequently used in web development.

Prescription Drug Costs in Primary and Secondary Care UK Dissertation

Prescription Drug Costs in Primary and Secondary Care UK - Dissertation Example the negative value of the mean indicates that generally, the NHS drug tariff prices for the generic drugs are substantially higher than the prevailing retail market price for the branded drugs. The results of the paired samples t-test also showed that there were no significant difference on the costs of generic drugs based on the prices indicated in the NHS drug tariff and the prevailing retail market prices for the branded drugs. This result is absurd because in majority of the drugs considered in this t-test, the generic prices are generally higher than the branded medicines. This finding, however corroborates the results of Kanavos (2007) that the NHS is reimbursing the pharmacies significantly higher than the actual acquisition cost dispensed by the pharmacies. 16 Table 5. Distribution of Branded NHS Drugs with no Generic Equivalent 17 Table 6. Distribution of Generic NHS Drugs with no Branded Equivalent 17 4.4. Comparison of free prescriptions between England and Wales 23 4.5. T he issue of over-prescribing by UK General Practitioners 26 4.7. Wastage of prescription drugs 31 5.0. Results and Implications 33 5.1. Summary of findings 33 5.2. Implications for health care 35 While over-prescribing of drugs appear to be forced choices by physicians who are limited to prescribing only drugs approved for inclusion in the designated PCT formularies, the ramifications of the practice are brought to bear not only on the national coffers, but also on the risk of patients’ illness progressing in severity either because they are overwhelmed of the multiplicity of their medications or simply choose not to adhere to the regimen for whatever reason. Overprescribing also leads to drug wastage. Another implication of overprescribing is becoming more dangerous for large populations... Any drug has its own benefit – risk ratio. As enunciated by Brekenbridge. It is high time that people realise that medication is not all on the benefit side, as â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch with drugs† (Brekenbridge, as cited in Laurance, 2011. Drugs need to be taken as instructed, no more, no less. Over-prescribing is definitely out of the question. It should be all academic at this point that over-prescribing catalyses many repercussions, including higher risk of more serious illness, drug wastage, draining the NHS budget, illegal drug trade, and worst, morbidity and mortality. In this regard, continuing professional education for doctors, especially in drug pharmacology should be a fixed installation in the human resources development programme of NHS. Meanwhile, generic substitution seem to be a promising option for doctors to help save on drug expenditures. However, block decisions for generic substitution of branded medication should not be resorte d to. This matter is not a one-size fits all. Decisions should always be evidenced-based and done with the best interest of patients in mind. While there are cases where generic drugs are comparable in efficacy with their branded precursors, there are also generic drugs which compare poorly with branded medicines. Physicians who prescribe generics should always be on the lookout for non-performing substitutes.

Relationship management as a means of developing competitive edge Assignment

Relationship management as a means of developing competitive edge - Assignment Example This research will begin with the concept of relationship management and an overview of the organization which is used as an example for the implementation of this marketing concept. The area of research for this paper is the concept of relationship marketing and its application in the business scenario. Relationship marketing (RM) is defined as â€Å"the process of identifying and establishing, maintaining, enhancing, and when necessary terminating relationships with customers and another stakeholder, at a profit, so that the objective of all parties involved are met, where this is done by a mutual giving and fulfillment of promises†. The company being considered is called New Star Company and it was a pop music club before it merged with another company after which it became a fan club. After the merger, New Star Company still kept the members of its pop-music club with the intention that they would bring in new members into the fans club. They need to gain a foothold in the Chinese market and are looking into business strategies which will enable them to attract new members to their fans club, yet at the same time be able to retain their existing base of members. Relationship Management is about attracting, maintaining and enhancing the relationships between an organization and its customers. This marketing strategy came about as a result of the effects of low growth rate and deregulation which made it necessary for an organization to determine how they could maintain their existing customer base instead of developing new ones.... d are looking into business strategies which will enable them to attract new members to their fans club, yet at the same time be able to retain their existing base of members. In this research we will examine how relationship management can work as an effective business stra0tegy for the company to gain new members. Review of Relationship Management Relationship Management is about attracting, maintaining and enhancing the relationships between an organization and its customers. This marketing strategy came about as a result of the effects of low growth rate and deregulation which made it necessary for organization to determine how they could maintain their existing customer base instead of developing new ones. Relationship marketing involves using satisfied customers as a way for attracting n0ew customers. This means using the element of customer loyalty to gain strength in a new market, which calls for interaction between an organization and its customers, wherein it is necessary for both parties to share the same philosophy to successfully interact. The power of relationship marketing is seen in its unique feature of trying to establish a long-term and mutually beneficial relationship between an organization and its customer. In order to do this, relationship marketing focuses on gaining as much knowledge as possible on customer preferences and implementing these preferences into product and service design. "Relationship marketing is a long term orientation, all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges". Kolter (2000) Difference between relationship marketing and transactional marketing In we need to understand how relationship marketing can benefit an organization we need to see how

Crisis Management --- Burger King's Horse Meat Scandal Essay

Crisis Management --- Burger King's Horse Meat Scandal - Essay Example The slogan of burger king is famous too, as it says â€Å"have it your way†. Burger king has been ranked 7th in brand awareness from all the companies of the world. 90% of the restaurants of burger king are owned and they are being operated by families who have been in this business for decades. This has helped burger king to grow; they have been successful in increasing their growth by maximizing their capital expenditure. One of the major weaknesses of burger is the lack of advertising. Burger king does not advertise its product like its competitors do, especially Mc Donald. This factor serves as a drawback for the company. Burger King although operates worldwide but majority of its restaurants are in United States (65%). This concentration of the company in a single geographical region gives rise to many undesirable factors which may affect the sales of Burger king e.g. inflation, strikes of labors, etc. The company needs to advertise its product as hygienic as well as halal. After the recent â€Å"horse meat scandal† (Phyllis M Daugherty, 2013) the company needs to advertise that the beef they are using has not originated from horse but it is from hygienic and acceptable source. Burger king is looking forward to overhaul its menu with new items such as â€Å"Seattle best coffee from Star buck†, â€Å"tender crisp premium chicken burger†. This will definitely help the company to increase its sales, generate profit and increase its market share. Burger king must start home delivery of their product. This would help in gaining customer satisfaction as the customer must be please to have their favorite fast food whenever they desire, by just dialing a number. The recent â€Å"Horse meat scandal† has damaged the goodwill of burger kill as the customers have started questioning that the products they are eating is from acceptable source or not (Phyllis M Daugherty, 2013). This has decreased the sales of burger king and has caused a bad name for the

Theories of Compulsive Buying Behaviour

Theories of Compulsive Buying Behaviour Above all, it should be noted that shopping is big business. Shopping centers employ approximately 8% of the US workforce. These portion of the workforce helps drive the machine that creates about  ½ of each state’s tax revenues and there are currently more malls and shopping centers that US high schools (Farrell, J. 2003, pp. xi-xii). Seemingly powering this juggernaut of commerce is ever increasing and apparently insatiable appetite of the modern consumer. Behind the 4x growth in the number of shopping centers and the over 3x growth in retail square footage during the 30-year period of 1970 – 2000, is the fact that Americans (and likely other â€Å"civilized† consumers) are consuming goods at twice (2x) the rate as they did in 1950 and ten-time(10x) as just over seventy years ago (Farrell, J. 2003, pp. xii-xiii). It is also worth noting that this increase in consumption is evidenced across all income levels though not necessarily equally across all segments (Gini, A. 2003, p. 85). In fact, more severe cases are significantly correlated to a lower the level of income, a greater likelihood of having below-average income and spending a lower percentage of income on sale items, suggesting overall an inability to handle financial issues well (Black, D. 2001, p. 23) As a ‘counter-statistic’, Americans have a level of production that is currently at approximately 2x that of the same period (1950). This implies that, we could consume the same amount as in 1950 and work half as much or, as reality has it, work even more to consume over twice as much (Gini, A. 2003 p. 82). Similarly, in a predictably correlational fashion, the not only has the number of shoppers and shopping centers increased but there has been a sharp increase in the number of newproducts, particularly in the advertised â€Å"must have† category as wellas the emergence of the entirely new â€Å"disposable† category (Pooler, J.2003, p. 9). As shoppers and products have changed, the relationship that existed between them has also morphed into something new. With the proliferation of retail venues that profer an ever-increasing number of products and categories, the arrival of the â€Å"disposable† product should not go unnoticed. Though without question, many if not most products are very high quality and manufactured to very exacting standards, many products are less durable or are â€Å"designed for obsolesce†. Durability was the characteristic that was promoted while the products of today push a message of convenience. In a society rampant with such explicit and implicit messages, it is no wonder that the emotional connections to most any product are decreasing (Pooler, J. 2003, p. 10). Products such as cameras or contact lenses were highly contemplated purchasesthat were expected to last a significant period of time. Likely more important than simple the volume of shopping is its intensity†¦shopping means more than it did in the past. Previously,people shopped for items that they needed. Now, such shopping still occurs but it occupies a small fraction of the process. Studies estimate that as much as 2/3 of consumer purchases are â€Å"unnecessary†(Pooler, J. 2003 p.2). This excess is bought from a want rather than need. As an additional sign of the times, consumer research has even indicated that over half of all gift purchases are actually gifts forâ€Å"me† (Pooler, J. 2003, p. 11). Shopping â€Å"used to be† a more utilitarian and logical task in which purchases were planned and for the most part, the consumer-focused onâ€Å"needs†. Contrasted with the modern shopper for whom it has been estimated that only about 1/3 of purchases are â€Å"necessary†, it is clear that unfulfilled desire must play a very much larger role (Pooler, J.2003, pp. 2, 6). For example, as Pooler states, â€Å"†¦people have a need for a new pair of pants but a desire to buy designer-label pants is a want†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pooler, J. 2003, p. 22). Today, brands are power, disposablecontacts are the norm and OTUC, â€Å"one-time use camera†, are almost always within arms reach. It is important to note these products arenot inferior†¦in many ways, they are functionally far superior toyesterday’s products, rather, simply illustrative of a pervasivementality that merits acknowledgement and consideration. Understandingthe mentality that these â€Å" wants†, in the minds of individual consumers,are likely felt to be â€Å"needs†. The eye of the would-be beholder isparticularly relevant. By utilizing the â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs†, it is possible to shed significant insight into how some of these psychological shifts are occurring. Developed by noted psychologist Abraham Maslow over 75years ago, this pyramid of hierarchically ordered needs is fundamental to many issues with psychological affect. At the base of the pyramid are â€Å"basic needs† such as food, shelter and clothing. Above the basic,physiological level are needs that could be classified as â€Å"safety† and would include anything that can provide psychological security and stability. Above this are â€Å"social† needs such as the need for friends and companionship. Nearing the top of the pyramid are needs under thelabel of â€Å"self-esteem† in which feeling such as pride and respectbecome important. Finally, the highest level of needs is characterizedas being â€Å"self-actualization† needs in which a person has the desire tomake the â€Å"most† of themsel ves and to â€Å"be† more. A key component of Maslow’s influence is his belief that higher needs can not be addressed until lower needs are satisfied. This is especially salient as most people living in â€Å"modern† civilized countries have all the more â€Å"basic† needs met. Consequently and with few exceptions, most can spend their days in pursuit of the satisfaction of â€Å"higher† needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization. As America or any modern society has evolved, psychologist and philosopher Eric Fromm indicates that society and its members have also evolved to a point at which â€Å"being† is confused with â€Å"having† (Gini,A. 2003, p. 84). Such as materialist possessive mindset will leavevacant the needs at the top of the pyramid and individuals will exhibitfeelings associated with not having these innate needs unfulfilled. Fromm further indicates that much of the symptoms of this empty questare typical of a â€Å"western† mindset and ultimately result in a mentalityof â€Å"to be much is to have much† (Gini, A. 2003, p. 82). To have a high standard of life means to enjoy a pleasure intensely and tire of it quickly. Simon Patten (Hine, T. 2002 p. 17) The fact that people, in general, are consuming more, that there are more products and more places to buy them go a long way in describing in somewhat imprecise yet accurate terms that context of modern society. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs also provides significant insight into the circumstances of the continuing patterns of increasing consumption that indicated a struggle to satisfy a need that cannot be satiated through the mechanism of acquiring things. At this point, a further differentiation between â€Å"needs† and â€Å"wants† can be drawn: a need is often physical and should be satisfied externally; a want is most likely a psychological, internally manifested desire. In the same way that you could not satisfy a real, physical hunger with psychological fish and chips, attempts to quench a psychological desire with a tangible object are likely short-lived and misguided and willend in psychological frustration. This misguided attempts to assuage one’s highest psychological needs is not unreasonable given the mixed messages in society of which there is a clear emphasis placed upon highly superficial qualities. Shopping is simply the process whereby one attempts to execute these omnipresent messages. As a cultural phenomenon, shopping is the procedural execution of economic decision-making. This decision-making takes places in a sea of in which image and emotion are perhaps more likely to take precedence of narrowly defined economic and functional utility. The price tag on an item reflects a certain value but the real value is in the eye of the consumer and is the item worth that much to me. Using economic terms such as opportunity cost and opportunity benefit are especially relevant as a purchase decision hangs in the balance: â€Å"what will my friends think?†, â€Å"does it make me more attractive?†, â€Å"does it make me happy?† are examples of what goes throug h the ‘new’ consumer mind. The fact that a product will do the job is, at best, necessary but not sufficient and, at worst, totally irrelevant. As noted above, the process of shopping along with the acquired resultant booty are a reflection of a changing culture and value system. â€Å"Shopping† is part of a manner by which a person defines who they are. What is bought, where it came from and the motives define a person for themselves and, probably in large measure, to others aswell. Just as important as what, where and why that someone bought something are the ‘facts of omission’: that they did not buy it at a certain store, etc. is as relevant as the ‘facts of commission’. Consider the following telling examples of self-expression: the shopper purchases prominently labeled Pampered Chef cookware in lieu of functionally equivalent store merchandise,the man who purchases a Polo sweater with its distinctive logo over the perhaps even pricier/better nondescript brand,the person who chooses name-brand drinks when company is expected over the undistinguishable other brand.While the rationale for purchases are intriguing issues, it is interesting to note that everyone thinks they are good at it (Pooler,J. 2003, p. 4). This is all the more interesting in light of how one might possibly define â€Å"good† or â€Å"success†. Certainly, in the mind of the â€Å"above average† or even â€Å"good† consumer, it would be a short-lived experience as the satisfaction of a successful hunt only fuels the thirst for additional quarry. That this ubiquitous activity is seldom relegated to being considered just a â€Å"functional† activity in whichâ€Å"functional† products are the goal is c onsistent with the fact that itis now something of a recreational pursuit in which objects of deep psychological desire are hunted with a relish most often associated with sports participation. As most activities in which there is the reward, shopping can go â€Å"tofar†. For many the allure of shopping can be a bit too much. The attraction of shiny products, sexy packaging, tempting displays, glamorous advertisements, ever-so-helpful service staff and the extreme ease by which one can proffer payment, it is no wonder that someâ€Å"over-succumb† to the retail sirens. Given a society that is behaviorally and cognitively conditioned respond to the stimulus of retail, it is no surprise that some spend beyond their means. Others may have the means to financially afford the habit but are continue to seek fulfillment in a venue that cannot provide anything else than transitory happiness until the cycle begins again. The idea of more, of ever increasing wealth, has become the center of our identity and our security, and we are caught by it as an addict by his drugs. Paul Wachtel (Gini, A. 2003 p. 81) The idea that shopping can get out of hand does not escape the attention of either popular press such as Essence or more scholarly tomes such as the Journal of Consumer Research or CNS Drugs [CentralNervous System]. â€Å"Behind the urge to splure† reads Essence, is often a person who some degree, find that they cannot help themselves. For some, a certain purchase is simply â€Å"merchandise†, even if a bit pricey and fashionable. For others, it may represent a conscious or unconscious â€Å"sense of entitlement† or it may be a form of self-medication that is termed in some circles to be â€Å"retail therapy†(Bridgeforth, G. 2004, p. 156). This so-called therapy is likely caused by the psychological frustration from the lack of lasting fulfillment of pasting attempts to achieve â€Å"self-actualization† via shopping as a compensation mechanism. While a problem in itself,‘shopping for psychological satisfaction’ may be masking serious is sues such as a ‘clinically-qualifying’ depression or just ‘regular’ issues for which shopping is simply a surrogate means to attain a bit of self-esteem through â€Å"good shopping†. Though many in the popular press refer to someone as being a â€Å"shopping addict†, it is important to note that there are different types of addiction. Commonly, when one refers to someone as an â€Å"addict†, the mind conjures up the person who is addicted to cocaine, methamphetamines or even alcohol. These types of addictions are undoubtedly very real and, because of their nature, are referred to as physiological addictions. The chemicals in the abused substanceshyper-stimulate certain receptors in the central nervous system and their prolonged use created a deficit in the body’s production of endogenous analog. Such a deficit is augmented by a strong desire for such chemical stimulation as well as certain psychological â€Å"needs† or perhaps more accurately, â€Å"compunctions†. If it were the case that shopping was addictive in the same way that drugs are, we might expect to find that purchases of various persons showed little trends in that the same types or categories of items did not construe a consistent purchase incidence. In actuality, items that tend to be moreâ€Å"emotional† in nature have a distinct tendency for a greater purchase frequency that items with than items with less potential for attachment(Pooler, J. 2003, pp. 24-25). For example, â€Å"duct tape† or â€Å"milk† are items that would not be likely to be on a shopping addict’s list whereas items such as jewelry, fashion items or â€Å"elegant† undergarments are strong contenders. Though not quite like a drug addiction, shopping for certain individuals can be maladaptive or pathological in nature. Though it can not be deemed a physiological addiction, as we will discuss in more detail later, there are physiological consequences and manifestations of what is otherwise a psychological presentation. For these individuals, the entire shopping experience is different: to someone who has not experienced it, it would seem almost inconceivable that a person could be â€Å"out of control† to the extent that those suffering from compulsive spending disorder report as being. As Black reports,â€Å"†¦compulsive shoppers often describe their experiences as being enhanced by color, lighting or the odor of stores, as well as the textures of clothing†¦ [with] some even describing the experience as being sexually exciting† (Black, D. 2001, p. 23). According to these same reports, 83% of compulsive shoppers report that it makes them feelâ€Å"happy† while 71% indicate a â€Å"powerful† feeling. This feeling persist in the face of the guilt and consequences following their purchases which, in many cases, are either returned or given away and not retained (Black, D. 2001, p. 23). In determining if someone should be fitted with the label layperson’s terms being of a â€Å"shopping addict† or a â€Å"shop-a-holic†, a key qualifier is the expression of consumer demand that could be considered to beâ€Å"irrational†. Such classification must be considered in the context of the consumer’s lifestyle and income. With this in mind, it is not the object of demand so much as an extreme emotional or otherwise inappropriate level of demand within a ‘reasonable’ framework of acceptability (Pooler, J. 2003, p. 26). For example, the strong desire of a comparatively wealthy person or perhaps the elite harrier who wants the ‘very latest’ in performance athletic footwear is insufficient to earn such a label. On the other hand, the individual who is not, by any stretch of the imagination, remotely athletic and whose income in inconsistent with shoe’s whose price exceeds ten hours wages would likely be labeled i rrational. Such information in conjunction with other facts and the overall context would be in line with consideration for such a designation. Another consideration in the determination of the appropriateness of anon-clinical label such as a shopping addict is the overall magnitude of the behavior. A common behavior is that people, when they feel they have done â€Å"a good job† with some task will â€Å"self-reward†. This construct is could generally be termed to be a more benign presentation of the â€Å"self-medicating† label often is implemented in regards to a work-related behavior. This â€Å"psychological pat on the back†, whether a alternative compensation mechanism or a pure positive reinforcement of a selected behavior. Regardless, there is an intuitive level of reasonableness in relation to the magnitude of the reward with the degree of difficulty or relative â€Å"greatness† of task achievement. Depending on a number of factors, one employee may seek self-gratification through treating themselves to lunch while another could give them a license to splurge and run up a dispropor tionately hefty bill. All in all, though it would be exceeding convenient if there were a blood test to determine if one were an addict, it is simply not the case. Despite this, there are certain patterns that do fit the criteria for shopping being an addiction. While there are diagnostic criteria for the determination that an individual is a â€Å"shopping addict†, it is quite likely just as useful to define â€Å"addictive† behavior as occurring when there is strong irrational desire based upon a perceived need for some stimulus despite, in the long run pathological or maladaptive. The addict may likely know that the pursuit of such a stimulus is not in their best interests or they may, through ignorance or extreme desire, be blind to the negative consequences of continued consumption. Defined similarly as beingâ€Å"behavior triggered by internal psychological tension and accompanied by relief and frustration†¦ performed repeatedly despite its negative consequences† by DeSarbo and Edwards in research conducted to more accurately ascertain related psychological factors, either definition seems to adequately capture the intuitive connotation for such an assessment (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 231). If 10% of the population have a problem and 9 of your friends are OK†¦Is it YOU? While it may not, in fact, be â€Å"1 in 10†, the incidence of compulsive buying disorder has been estimated to be between 2-8% with the overwhelming majority being female and with a comparatively young( Before plunging headlong into the issue of shopping as an addiction, itis important to differentiate between â€Å"compulsive† and â€Å"impulsive† spending. The distinguishing feature between them is the source of the impetus as being internal or external. Internal motivations such as anxiety or the seeking of increased self-esteem or gratification are the motivations for compulsive spending. Impulsive spending is differentiated by the stimulus for purchase is being driven by an external mechanism such as a blinking package, prominent placement such as an endcap or a â€Å"special† (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p.233). Such as differentiation is important as it is not uncommon for compulsive buyers to also be impulsive buyers yet there are discernable differences in their psychological makeup. Clearly, shopping can be addictive and merits attention and possibly intervention. While there are common sense guidelines to assessing the such behavior as indicated previouly, more standard criteria have been developed to aid both a person in determining that they ought to seek professional help as well as aiding mental health professionals in making a confirmatory diagnosis. Developed under the assumption that materialism is a pervasive and global human trait, the Diagnostic Screener for Compulsive Buying Behavior (DSCB) was developed with seven key items: I made only the minimum payments on my credit cards.I wrote a check when I knew I didn’t have enough money in the bank.I felt others would be horrified if they knew of my spending habits.If I have any money left at the end of a pay period, I just have to spend it.I bought things even though I couldn’t afford them.I bought myself something in order to make myself feel better.I felt anxious on days I didn’t go shopping (Kwak, H., G. Zinkman, M. Crask 2003, p. 166).These items had an approximate overall reliability of 0.75 and were significant at the p>.05 level. Despite this, in trials with multiple samples from both the US, represented individualized ‘western culture, and South Korea, representing more a community/group-driven eastern culture, the emergence of dimensionality in the data was observed. In US samples, the premise that the seven test items capture adequately the various psychological tensions and anxieties that a person who suffers from compuls ive buying issues is supported without modification. However, South Korean samples, though supporting the hypothesis this instrument can reliably detect such issues, revealed bi-dimensionality in two constructs of: â€Å"Financial outcomes† (items 1,2 and 3),â€Å"Unfettered spending† (items 4,5 and 6) (Kwak, H. 2004, p. 167).Such a finding indicates that, in some cultures, consumers may see that an certain issue has different or distinct angles. For example, either an problem with the financial outcomes of behaviors or the fact that one may not be very restrained in spending is likely seen as the same issue by American consumers. In essence, the answers may be the same and the result the same but the meaning that a certain culture places upon one factor or another is relevant and only reiterates the changing nature and that interpretation of such instruments cannot be removed from the culture. Additional research by DeSarbo and Edwards published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology in which advanced statistical controls were utilized provide significant additional insights in the both the nature of the problem of compulsive buying and the discernment of the problem itself. In this research the authors cite numerous previous studies in which the behavior of compulsive buying has been linked to a number of psychological personality characteristics such as: Dependence DenialDepressionLack of impulse controlLow self-esteemApproval-seekingAnxietyEscape coping tendenciesGeneral compulsivenessMaterialismIsolationExcitement-seekingPerfectionism In addition, the factors of family environment, childhood experiences with money and spending, family communication patterns, as well as factors such as the number of credit cards regularly used,degree of credit debt and other compulsive behaviors demonstrated have been identified as potential predictors of compulsive buying activity(DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 232). Of all the factors indicated in assessing the issues that predispose an individual to compulsive buying behaviors, the â€Å"escape from anxiety† is most often labeled as the most influential factor. As multiple studies indicate, â€Å"†¦compulsive buyers react to stress with higher levels of anxiety than do noncompulsive buyers†. When ‘stressed out’, compulsive shoppers attempt to utilize purchases as a compensation mechanism or as an escape from the anxiety (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards2004, pp. 235, 236). Additionally, the following significant contributing factors are listed below: 1. Self-Esteem– Cited as the most common deficiency in those who are compulsive shoppers, it is easy to see how the act of purchasing an item can convey a sense of power and entitlement although it is one that is short-lived (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 236). This non-durable pleasure serves to enhance the vicious cycle in which the progressive qualities of the â€Å"disease† are exhibited. This cycle is virtually identical to many physiological addictions in which there is desensitization or habituation to a certain level of stimulus: which each engagement, the person wants/needs a larger â€Å"dose† or a greater frequency of stimulation. 2. Perfectionism – This trait is frequently associated with invididuals who suffer from addiction and is characterized as being â€Å"unrealistic† expectations whose unfulfillability can result in a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, and self-doubt. By purchasing, individuals with this trait are seeking to assuage these feelings and, for a short while, they may succeed (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 236). 3. Impulsiveness– In the scheme of medical or psychological diagnosis, â€Å"compulsive buying behaviors† are close relatives of obsessive-compulsive behavioral disorders. The inability to control impulsive thoughts and/or the related ability to defer gratification are likely important contributors to this behavior (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, pp.236, 237). Also, as indicated earlier, there should be a distinction drawn between â€Å"compulsive† and â€Å"impulsive† buying behaviors in which the stimulation for action is internal or external, respectively. 4. Locus of Control –Much compulsive buying is likely related to a internal struggle to gainâ€Å"control† of a confounding and stressful external environment. When a person chooses to make a purchase, feelings of control are present as the person chooses the object, means, timing, location and, in some cases, the cost of their desires. This highly controlled situation could likely be contrasted to the context of the balance of their lives in which they are at the whim of others and exert no control and possibly even little influence upon the events and objects in their day. As such, those who are characterized as being compulsive consumers are likely to view themselves as â€Å"being controlled externally† as they have an inability to see themselves from the perspective that they are able to influence their lives internally(DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 238). In addition, addition personality traits such as â€Å"excitement seeking†, â€Å"approval seeking† or â€Å"dependence† issues as well as environmental factors or familial factors are considered to be characteristics that can contribute to or perpetuate cycles of compulsive consumerism. An example of an environmental factors that are potentially relevant are â€Å"isolation† in which the occasion of compulsive buying may provide a social outlet or â€Å"materialism† in which ‘keeping up with the Jones’’ becomes a compelling rationale for such spending (DeSarbo, W. and E.Edwards 2004, p. 239). With regards to familial factors, there are a great many learned behaviors that are internalized as â€Å"normal† in the context of the home. Additionally, most people first experience with money and managing finances come through the context of chores, an allowance and forms of rationed spending. These early experiences have a signi ficant influence upon adult behaviors as is the case in which children learn that â€Å"money is a reward† or perhaps are not taught that saving is a very important part of earning as well as spending(DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, pp. 239,240). One of the ultimate goals of psychology is to understand, predict and influence behavior. To more fully understand the role that these personality traits, environmental and family or sociological issues plays in the expression of compulsive buying behaviors, DeSarbo and Edwards utilized advanced regression techniques to â€Å"tease out†additional insights that would otherwise be â€Å"buried† in using simpler techniques. The basic idea behind regression analysis is to plot a line which represents the extent to which a certain factor or group of factors can explain the variance of measurable behaviors within a sample group. More basic regression techniques such as linear regression utilize a formula of y=mx+b in which y is the expected behavior and x is the independent variable in which there it is posited there will be a influence y. In its most basic forms, variables are â€Å"lumped together† and one can determine only is a certain combination significantly influences the outcome. In more intermediate approaches, differing variables can be accounted for by there relative contribution to the outcome. In the more advanced data manipulations, technology enables the rapid assessment of various combinations or â€Å"clusters† of variables can be examined in order to more fully account for the observed sample variability. It was such an approach, â€Å"clusterwise constrained and unconstrained step-wise regression analysis†, that was employed by DeSarbo and Edwards to predict the maximum likelihood of compulsive buying by grouping specific combinations of these factors which each iteration testing for deviations in outcome as various factors or groups of factors are included or omitted. Results from this manipulation confirm the difference between â€Å"compulsive† buying in which the behavioral stimulation is more due to internal psychological factors and â€Å"impulsive† buying in which key drivers are more externally biased. In this analysis, the study revealed the key predictors of compulsive buying to be self-esteem, dependence and anxiety. For impulsive buying, factors yielding statistically significant influence were determined to be denial, isolation, approval seeking and coping. Additionally, â€Å"impulsiveness† as a personality trait factor displayed a significan t degree of influence over internally- and externally-driven compulsive buying behaviors (DeSarbo, W. and E. Edwards 2004, p. 248). Though the assessment devices that can shed insight on such psychological concepts as are indicated above, when utilized by a trained technician, can provide a more â€Å"clinical† means by which compulsive buying issues can be gauged, many of the same indices are often incorporated in to what might be termed â€Å"user-friendly field assessment quizzes†. Such a screening tool may be especially helpful as a guide to help one self-determine if there is a potential likelihood of an issue that may need merit professional assistance. An example of this type of quiz is given below: 1. Do you hide purchases from your partner to avoid a fight?2. Are there garments in your closet from seasons past that still have tags on them?3. Do you â€Å"forget† about purchases made and then find yourself without the money to pay for them when the bill arrives at the end of the month?4. Have you consolidated your credit card debt or rolled it into a refinance?5. Do you travel at the drop of a hat and take additional trips before past trips are paid for?6. Do you tap into â€Å"emergency† savings regularly to make ends meet?7. Are you unable to contribute the maximum to your 401(k) because you need extra dollars to pay your bills?8. Have you withdrawn from or made loans against your 401(k)? (Bridgeforth, G. 2004, p. 158) Though these â€Å"yes or no† questions are relatively unsophisticated, they can provide significant insight into the issues identified by Kwak, et al., such as the emphasis on financial outcomes, unrestrained spending and activities that might be suggestive of behavioral patterns as opposed to single incidents. Grappling with the Gray Area†¦ A Continuum Approach to Pathology One of the key features of this â€Å"disease† is that, like many psychological issue, it typically begins almost unnoticed and gradually progresses. The initial cycle is likely to begin even innocuously yet the behavior of spending is reinforced by the association of the positive feeling that one has shortly after the purchase. Though this seems reasonable, there is a pronounced tendency on behalf of most people if not medical professionals are well to see illness in terms of a dichotomous perspective. While this is a convenient method, it is indeed too convenient to model the reality of a continuum-approach to this issue. Further, there are traits that seem to predispose one to compulsive spending such as personality or familial factor

An Evaluation of the Article: Why Looks Are the Last Bastion of Discrim

In today’s job market, there are many reasons an individual could be turned down for employment. According to Deborah Rhodes, author of â€Å"Why looks are the last bastion of discrimination†, appearance should not be one of them. Rhodes is a law professor at Stanford and holder of numerous titles for her outstanding work in legal matters. She is also the author and co-author of over 250 articles (Directory). In this article, she addresses an issue with profound impact on today’s society. She proposes that appearance discrimination should be included in anti-discrimination laws in addition to what is already accepted and legalized in today’s workplace. While it is a seemingly â€Å"silly† concern, it is actually quite valid. There has been many a concern over discrimination. That is, discrimination based on race, color, gender, and others of a similar nature in the work environment. Mainly, the article focuses on the injustices people have encountered in a work environment. Rhodes appeals to her audience as everyday â€Å"average† people who identify with the plight of another. Although she makes a compelling argument referencing studies and personal stories of people this has happened to, there are flaws in her argument that could discredit the validity of her reasoning. The logic in her article highly finds favor with the general working public. It is both consistent and appropriate. However, it is not complete, nor fully believable. I will discuss the following in the next paragraphs. Her use of research and anecdotes are mostly one-sided and while it brings valid points for the workers, fail to portray opposing views on the issue, that of the employer. She also neglects to further explore and compare the validity of this claim against wel... ...al." Fox News. 05 Apr. 2012. FOX News Network. 31 Mar. 2014 . "Prohibited Employment Policies/Practices." Prohibited Practices. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 30 Mar. 2014 . Rhodes, Deborah L. "Why looks are the last bastion of discrimination." Washington Post. 23 May 2010. The Washington Post. 26 Mar. 2014 . Thompson, Krissah. "Michelle Obama invokes U.S. civil rights movement in China visit." Washington Post. 24 Mar. 2014. The Washington Post. 25 Mar. 2014 .